Thank you so much for this very kind introduction to me.

And it's my pleasure to be here again.

So at the last time it was also very warm reception here.

It was also my pleasure to give my lecture at the time. It's the same for today.

I'm so happy to have such a big audience in front of me.

It's in our field not always normal thing.

So and I hope that my little exotic topic will be interesting for you.

So I would like to talk about old Wiggle divination literature and its relationship with Chinese tradition.

So the Turkish speakers stem from the today's Mongolia and most of them lived there as nomads.

Already in the third century, the activity of the nomadic tribe Gaushe,

which very probably spoke a kind of Turkish language was reported in Chinese sources.

But the first very fair, very fair blue Turkish nomadic empire was founded by the tribe called Tujue in the middle of the sixth century in Mongolia.

This Turkish tribe was also famous for the fact that it was the first tribe who wrote down Turkish with its own script,

called Turkish runic script.

It is still in discussion when Tujue began to use this script and how the script was developed.

Up to now, most of the stone monuments in Turkish runic script can be dated in the seventh and eighth century,

and they definitely count as the first written sources of Turkish literature.

So you can see here one of these examples.

It's a little difficult to see, but it's the runic script.

If you can see some of them, it's quite suitable to cut on the stone monument.

And most of the Turkish sources which are written with this script is stone monument.

Because of their nomadic lifestyle, however, they did not leave many written evidences which could inform us about their divination tradition.

It is an important but difficult question what kind of belief Tujue had at that time.

Recently, some scholars began to use a special terminology for nomadic religion, Tengriism, which should be clearly distinguished from Aminism or Shamanism.

In their opinion, the nomads like Tujue, Uyghurs, or later Mongols had a belief which strongly focused on the heaven god in old Turkish, Tengri,

and the existence of shamans in their society could not be attested.

In fact, Tengri, heaven, is quite often mentioned in the stone inscriptions which Tujue or the Uyghurs left.

Thus, it surely occupied a special position in their belief.

On the other hand, several Chinese sources suggest the activity of shamans or similar so that new thesis still needs further detailed and careful investigations.

Needless to say, one of the most important function of shamans is the divination.

In this context, the following passage in chapter EU of the Chinese Chronicle, Choshu, is worthy to mention.

So here you can see the original one, and I would like to read just the German translation, sorry it's German, from Liu Mocai.

When a new ruler was elected, he was carried by the high-ranking bearers from his next area in a field blanket, and then he was given the sun nine times.

At every turn, all his subjects bowed before him.

After turning and bowing, they helped the chief on the horse and let him ride.

They then covered him with a silk cloth so that he was still alive.

Then they untied the bandages and asked him angrily, how many years will you be our Khagan?

Since the Khagan was adopted, he could not say the time period clearly.

Therefore, they tied him to his arm's length from the words he had said before his will.

The whole process which had to be done as a ceremony for the enthronization has a big similarity with shaman's prediction.

Although in this case, the new ruler himself acted as a kind of shaman.

It seems to have been believed amongst the Tujuwe that the chosen high-ranking people, like those from the king and queen clans,

had that kind of supernatural power which made it possible to give the divination.

As a future evidence for this assumption, I would like to mention the famous Tuco-Soktian general Anru Shan.

He first worked for the Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty as a military commander and later became the leader of a serious rebellion.

Originally, he, however, was born as the son of a woman from the Ashide clan under the Tujuwe rule in Mongolia.

The Ashide clan was well known as those who gave the queens to the Tujuwe ruler from the ruling Ashina clan.

About Anru Shan's birth, his Chinese biography told us an interesting story.

Anru Shan was a mixed barbarian from Incho.

His childhood name was Yaro Shan. His mother of the Ashide clan was a Turkish shaman.